The Number One Question You Must Ask for Purpose of a Research Proposal

The Number One Question You Must Ask for Purpose of a Research Proposal Quantitative research utilizes numerical data. The proposal should have enough info to convince your readers that you have a significant research idea, that you've got a great grasp of the appropriate literature and the key problems, and your methodology is sound. Research proposals contain extensive literature reviews and has to offer persuasive evidence that there's a demand for the proposed research study. Normally, a research proposal should contain all the crucial elements involved with the research procedure and include sufficient information for those readers to rate the proposed study. You have to convince the evaluation board of the significance of your work, and the way the additional study will add to the area. When you finish your research, it's important you have very definite and persuasive outcomes. Your research is like your idea. Applied research has application beyond the laboratory. Choosing Purpose of a Research Proposal Is Simple The methods section is a rather important portion of the research proposal. Furthermore, because there are no well-established and widely accepted canons in qualitative analysis, your method section should be more elaborate than that which is necessary for traditional quantitative research. You will need to explain the advantages of your methods and research, together with potential limitations. Before starting, it's important to plan the research process. The Do's and Don'ts of Purpose of a Research Proposal OR The presentation of a concept that you would like to pursue. So essentially, you will be writing your pro posal and receiving the research stage of your writing process from the way! As a way to be qualified for future work and get closer to a level, it's beneficial to generate a concerted effort now. The purpose here is to set your project within the bigger whole of what's currently being explored, while demonstrating to your readers your work is original and advanced. Purpose of a Research Proposal The standard of your research proposal is dependent not just on the standard of your proposed project, but in addition on the caliber of your proposal writing. In general, then, the most important objective of your research proposal is to communicate that you're proposing a project that adds to the present body of knowledge, that you've got the necessary academic skills to achieve the undertaking, and that the undertaking can be accomplished in the required timeframe. Thus, developing the research proposal may be the most difficult portion of any research undertaking. The primary pu rpose of a research proposal is to prove that the problem you. A great research proposal sample will enable you to observe the total structure and the most crucial elements of an academic research proposal and help you avoid the most typical mistakes. Even now, in the fields of company and science, it's still true that you have to earn project proposals. A top quality proposal, on the opposite hand, not only promises success for the undertaking, but in addition impresses your Thesis Committee about your potential for a researcher. Some people believe any literate person has the ability to write an excellent academic research proposal. The Bad Secret of Purpose of a Research Proposal As a student, you might need to compose a research proposal to receive your thesis or dissertation plan approved. A research proposal is designed to convince others that you get a worthwhile research project and you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. After that, every research proposal wants an abstract. No matter the research area, a grea t research proposal should respond to the next questions. In fact, when you have a great research proposal, it usually means that you will perform a very good research. If you haven't done enough research, you won't be in a position to attain a conclusion. For instance, if your research is all about the recidivism of sex offenders in United States prisons, you might explain the issue with regard to statistics about recidivism and offer an exhaustive background of the issue. Explain how you intend to start conducting your research. The Do's and Don'ts of Purpose of a Research Proposal You've got a blank page at the beginning of each proposal. To begin with, the objective of proposal writing is to be sure your paper has a crystal clear outline and a program. The use of the proposal is to make sure that The proposal isn't a fixed blueprint. The aim of proposal writing is to persuade others your topic should be investigated.

Analysis Of How Children Succeed - 2252 Words

Most people subscribe to the belief that Paul Tough refers to the cognitive hypothesis that suggests that success depends primarily on cognitive skills. They argue that intelligence is measured based on IQ tests which include the ability to recognize letters, words, detect patterns, and calculate. They say that the simplest way to acquire and develop skills is through practicing them continuously. Children should also begin practicing as early as possible to nurture skills. However, in the book titled â€Å"How Children Succeed,† Tough introduces the character hypothesis which explains that non–cognitive skills such as self-control, curiosity, self-confidence, conscientiousness, and grit are crucial to achieving success than sheer brainpower or cognitive skills (Tough 49). To justify his argument, he uses research findings from psychologists and neuroscientists. They say that character is developed by encountering with failure and overcoming it. The hidden power of char acter explains why some children perform well while others fail. However, I say that linking grit and character is pervasive and unfair to kids from poor backgrounds; particularly when the author states that academic proficiency is not a determinant of future success. The big point on Tough’s main arguments is that children succeed with character and not test scores. In his previous writings, Tough mentioned that grit is the component that was missing in education. He recounts two educators; Dominic Randolph andShow MoreRelatedThe Logic Of Nonstandard English By William Labov736 Words   |  3 PagesWilliam Labov. To start off this understanding I will first define keywords in order for the reader to fully grasp the argument. Furthermore I will state the authors main claim and link them to the evidence Labov provides. 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This can provide important information that curriculumRead MoreEssay on Rhetorical Analysis: Too Much of a Good Thing1292 Words   |  6 PagesRhetorical Analysis: Too Much of a Good Thing â€Å"At least 25% of all Americans under age nineteen are overweight or obese, a figure that has doubled over the last 30 years.† says Greg Crister in his article titled â€Å"Too Much of a Good Thing† which appeared on July 22, 2001 in the Los Angeles Times. In his article, Crister uses three common rhetorical strategies, ethos, pathos, and logos, in an attempt to persuade his audience, anyone raising children or interested in childrens health issues, of how prevalentRead MoreEssay about Students With ADD/ADHD and Class Placement1218 Words   |  5 Pagesclass† with other learning-impairment students. However, ADD/ADHD students that are placed in an inclusive setting are seated in the same classroom with students who do not have ADD/ADHD. 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Knowledge Management And E-Commerce †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Knowledge Management And E-Commerce. Answer: Application of the knowledge Management in the start up business would be quite effective. To run a small business it is important to know about the situations and the background which would lead to the completion of the challenging task and therefore, for the Youth Fashion Clothing Store, it is important to discuss the main components that would bring profit to the start up company with the help of the Knowledge Management (Hislop, 2013). Hence, it is important to discuss the importance of the in terms of partnership and the how the workings of the organization would flourish with the application of the effective contextual factor of the Knowledge management. It is the process of creating and sharing information of the organization. It is an approach based on the objectives of the multidisciplinary to understand the working of the organization. There are certain prescribed models for the company, which would lead to the successful working of the company, if the application is proper ly managed (Fuller, 2012). The purpose of the topic is to discuss about the set up a new business of a fashion industry which would be set up for the younger generation from the age of 14- 26 and to select a strategic position for the industry with the help of the partnership deal and also the operations of the industry which would bring benefit to the start up industry as a whole. To create the business, with the help of the knowledge management it is important to understand the external factors of the business and also the analysis of the challenges and risk that are needed to be taken care of with the proper implementation of the management of Knowledge, therefore, in this context it is important to judge how the implementation of the knowledge management would help the company to flourish more in its area and how it also would going to affect the business practices which is in further incorporating marketing, finance and Human resources. The aim of the topic is to evaluate the importance of Knowledge Management and e-commerce in context of the Youth Fashion clothing store which would be situated in the Pitt St.Mall in Sydney (Fuller, 2012).Knowledge Management The scope of the study is to seek justification about how the fashion Industry would implement the Knowledge management in their sector to make it a successful business practices in order to gain a successful business practices. The scope of the study is to reveal the importance of the knowledge management and how it would be practiced further to enlarge the wings of the company in the other parts of Australia and the further implementation of the challenges while building the store in the country. Therefore, from this perspective, it is important to discuss the importance of knowledge management and its significance which would determine the scope of the success of the business with the perfect plan of management of knowledge. Different authors have come up with various forms of suggestions regarding knowledge management for the start up business. The owner with the help of KM strategies formed a business model. It would be inexpensive to outsource the resources than the resources which would cost more in the country itself (Jones Salis, 2013; Dalkir Bidan, 2013). Therefore, the owner must concentrate upon the to achieve the knowledge management which is related to the ontological and epistemological perspectives of the knowledge. By taking into account the ontological part, a knowledge which should be shared among the members of the organization and this would contribute to the process of start up through the process of creating, storing and transferring of the knowledge with the other members who would also looking forward to help out in the start up business. The KM strategies are also needed to be aligned with the nature of the business as the start ups (Jones Salis, 2013; Evans, Dalkir Bidan, 2013 ). The strategies of KM are divided into four important stages. Firstly, the management would allocate the knowledges sources. Then the owner should need to assess the strength of the firm and its weaknesses to determine its relevance and it capability to re use (Holsapple, 2013). This is then followed by the scope of socializing where the different techniques can be used to share the knowledge about the organization who ever would be required in the firm and then the knowledge is being used through this process (Rao, 2012). The model of process of Knowledge Management by Botha had suggested that to create a business, the human must first create knowledge and sensing, followed by Human then capture the management of knowledge, organize it further and personalize it and after that, the sharing of knowledge and dissemination would occur through the focus made on the technology on the basis of collaboration and access. Similarly, the owner before opening the fashion industry would gather m ore knowledge and implement the knowledge in terms of sharing partnership and to point out the targeted customer who would be the buyers from the industry. The implication of the knowledge is being determined with the successful thinking about the process of the business set up and giving a structure of the organization having a manager, marketing finance, HRM has to be there to give a proper shape to the workings of the organization (Rao, 2012). After setting up of the organization, to judge the success of the organization from the internal structure in terms of Knowledge Management in terms of understanding and learning about how the fashion design would be made and what are the important trends which are needed to be popular as it is being already mentioned that the new products of the fashion changes in the rapid mode and to keep pace with this rapid change, for the start up industry it becomes difficult to learn about the changing pace of the fashion trends and how they are going to cop up with the implementation of the knowledge management skill (Groff Jones, 2012). External Knowledge management talks about the ideas and inspirations that comes from other actors both from the sources of the environment of the global fashion as well as from the local environment. In order to keep pace with the changing trend of the fashion industry, it is necessary for the start up company to wage interaction with the surroundings and they would update them with the emerging trends and the sources would provide them about the emerging trends or experiences that is hovering inside the fashion industry, which also depends upon the taste of the people (Lee, Gon Kim, 2012). The sources such as international societies, actors, institutions and organizations can influence the fashion house appropriately. To keep up with the latest trend through the implementation of the knowledge management, it is important to keep track through the different fashion magazines and attending the fashion shows and fairs, accordingly the owner and team would develop a systematic knowledg e about the ongoing changes which are taking place in the fashion world (Meihami Meihami, 2014). Through the process of Internal Knowledge Management, it is important to utilize the information through the proper working of the marketing strategy which would be need to share the knowledge in terms of waging interaction with the fashion house which would attract the customers in terms of buying new fashionable products (Becerra Sabherwal, 2014). The designers need to understand the marketing strategies and also understand the important trends of todays world. The managers in the fashion house must have the idea about the strategic location of the fashion industry and therefore, in this case, it is important to keep track of the stocks that are needed to be kept. The company must have the capacity to keep enough number of stocks so that it would not be difficult to give enough choices to the customers (Becerra Sabherwal, 2014; Meihami Meihami, 2014; Liebowitz Frank, 2016). Also at the same time, the manager must have the knowledge that there is no excess amount of stock so tha t in the end of the day, the excess stock would be sold away at a cheaper price. The marketing strategy needs to be updated before starting a business. The pros and cons are needed to be checked properly before chalking out a plan (Wiig, 2012; Mehrabani Shajari, 2012). The internal contextual factor can be vitalized with the help of the sources from outside and therefore in this context, it is important to take knowledge as well about the techniques of promotion of their products. The manager needs to understand the statistics of the population for the place where they have built the industry; therefore, such statistics would come in handy for making appropriate cloths for the targeted audience. Therefore, the knowledge management would finally affect the workers of the organization and giving them a best organizational culture through the proper understanding of the external and internal factors of the fashion industry (Wiig, 2012; Holthouse, 2013). Therefore to conclude, it could be stated that the new fashion industry which has its target audience already fixed and now with the proper implementation of the knowledge management, the owner must start a business, which must have a perfect business set up and systematically it must follow the ideal perspectives of a fashion industry and what would make the growth of the fashion industry more unique and later on spreading its branches across the other parts of the nation. References Becerra-Fernandez, I., Sabherwal, R. (2014).Knowledge management: Systems and processes. Routledge. Fuller, S. (2012).Knowledge management foundations. Routledge. Hislop, D. (2013).Knowledge management in organizations: A critical introduction. Oxford University Press. Holsapple, C. (Ed.). (2013).Handbook on knowledge management 1: Knowledge matters(Vol. 1). Springer Science Business Media. Jones, G., Sallis, E. (2013).Knowledge management in education: Enhancing learning education. Routledge. Lee, S., Gon Kim, B., Kim, H. (2012). An integrated view of knowledge management for performance.Journal of Knowledge management,16(2), 183-203. Liebowitz, J., Frank, M. (Eds.). (2016).Knowledge management and e-learning. CRC press. Meihami, B., Meihami, H. (2014). Knowledge Management a way to gain a competitive advantage in firms (evidence of manufacturing companies).International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences,3, 80-91. Rao, M. (2012).Knowledge management tools and techniques. Routledge. Wiig, K. (2012).People-focused knowledge management. Routledge. Holtshouse, D. K. (2013).Information technology for knowledge management. Springer Science Business Media. Mehrabani, S. E., Shajari, M. (2012). Knowledge management and innovation capacity.Journal of Management Research,4(2), 164.

Yugoslavia Essays - Southeastern Europe, Ethnic Groups In Croatia

Yugoslavia Yugoslavia Recently, there has been much fighting in the former country of Yugoslavia, involving all ethnicities and religious groups and without making a difference between military or civilians. Diplomats have been hard at work to attempt to resolve the differences that led to conflict and bloodshed, but it has proven to be a very difficult thing to do with extremely limited success. To understand the situation, it has to be realized that a big part of the problem lies in the geography of the region and its demography. These factors have contributed to conflicts in the past and do so now. Yugoslavia covers mountainous territory. The backbone of the region is made up of the Balkans, a mountain range that runs north-south. Continental plate movement from the south has created an intricate landscape of plains, valleys and mountains. This led to intensive compartmentalization of the region. As a result, there were few low-level routes and those that existed became very important strategically. Most notable are the Varda-Morava corridor, which connected the Aegean Sea and the Danube, and the Iron Gates of the Danube, linking Central Europe and the Black Sea, that controlled much of the trade between the Mediterranean and Central Europe since ancient times. Most of the populations have lived separated from each other geographically and culturally, developing very strong national and tribal allegiances. This region is a frontier between Eastern and Western European civilizations and has also been influnced by Islam during the Turkish invasion. The roots of the conflict in the Balkans go back hundreds of years. Farther than recent events in the region indicate. Dating back to Roman times, this area was part of the Roman Empire. It was here that the divide between Eastern and Western Roman Empires was made when it split under the Roman emperor Diocletian in A.D. 293. Along with the split, the religions divided also into Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox. This line still divides Catholic Croatians and Hungarians and Orthodox Montengrins, Serbs, and Romanians. The Romans left behind them excellent roads, cities that are still important political or economic centers, like Belgrade, Cluj, or Ljubljana, and the Latin language, which is preserved in Romanian. The period of Turkish dominance during the middle ages left a much diffferent imprint on the region. An alien religion, Islam, was introduced, adding to already volatile mixture of geography, politics, religion, and nationalism. The administration of the Ottoman Empire was very different from that of the Romans. The Turks did not encourage economic development of areas like Albania, Montenegro and Romania that promised little in producing riches. They didn't invest in building roads or creating an infrastructure. Greeks controlled most of the commerce and Sephadic Jews, expelled from Spain, had influence as well. The diversity of Yugoslavia can best be captured in this capsule recitation: "One state, two alphabets, three religions, four official languages, five nations, six republics, seven hostile neighbors, and eight separate countries." This had more than a little truth. Yugoslavia employed Latin and Cyrillic alphabets; it was home to Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, and Muslims; it's Slavic groups spoke Serbian, Croatian, Slovenian and Macedonian; they identified themselves as Serbs, Montenegrins, Croats, Slovenes, and Macedonians; each had its own republic, with an additional Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina for a mixed population of Serbs, Croats, and Serbo-Croatian-speaking Muslims; Yugoslavia was bordered by Italy, Austria, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, and Albania, all of whom harbored some grievances against it; and the "autonomous regions" of Hungarian Vojvodina and Albanian Kosovo within Serbia functioned until 1990 in an independent manner comparable to that of the six formal republics. This indeed was a diverse state. Yugoslavia had been "a geographic impossibility, tied together by railroads, highways, and a Serbian-dominated army." (Poulsen, 118-9) This country is a patchwork of complicated, interconnected ethnic and religious entities that intertwined so densely that it is probably impossible to separate them and make everybody happy. It was a witness to two bloody Balkan wars that took place in 1912 and that contributed to the outbreak of World War I. The conflict seems intrinsic to the region, with painful fragmentation after the fall of the Hapsburg empire and further discord during and after World War II. In fact, there was hardly any time when there was little or no conflict. The events that started the most recent escalation of conflict took place in 1991. The first republic to express anti-Serbian sentiments was Slovenia. They felt that although they and Croats had prospered the most in Communist Yugoslavia, they were lagging behind Austria, Italy, and even Hungary. They saw the transfer of their profits to the southern republics as

The Rise of Pop Up Food Outlet Essays - Food And Drink, Free Essays

The Rise of Pop Up Food Outlet Essays - Food And Drink, Free Essays The Rise of Pop Up Food Outlet When you are walking around the corner to go to your favorite spot with friends or family, suddenly you see a restaurant that you never seen before, everything is new and fresh. Trying out a restaurant like this most likely would be you r choice. Nowadays, these food outlets are popping up everywhere and bringing the food industries a new trend. Pop up food outlet actually have appeared in food industry for a long time. Back in 1960s, it was known as supper clubs which was also a fashionable trend of dining at that time. As its name, pop up restaurant often occur in unexpected place for a limited time. Pop up restaurant sometimes not only open just for business, it serve s many purposes to attract customers ' attention, such as charity events and showcasing of chefs. In 2014, the number of food and drink events on the Eventbrite platform increased by 47% compared to the previous year, the fastest growing trend was the pop-up dining experience (82% growth) . The trend of pop up food outlet have become a hit, however, behind the hit, there are different aspects of factors pushing it to the top. First of all, one of the biggest factors of the big hit of pop up food is the social medias. Companies and business in dividuals started to realize the importance of social media in the society and have tries to use them as a method of advertising and popularize. Apparently, it succeed . For restaurant like pop up food outlet, because of it s freshness, the " experiential diners " will become the influencer of their social zones. The society now is becoming a sharing society ' , when people have something new that not so many people have had, they want to share it to others . B usiness owners just need to manage a social media account, and put up signs in the restaurant saying Follow us on Instagram Facebook! ' . A not unfamiliar example would be Doughnut Time. It is a food shop just started in 2015 which focusing on making fresh and adoring doughnut products and it usually has a food truck as its store. Ever since it came out , it becomes a hit so fast and people are trying to find the food tru ck and standing in the queue so long just for some doughnut s . Doughnut Time founder Damian Griffiths said, " We ' ve got the benefit of social media, where Doughnut Time alone has around 100,000 followers ad we receive feedback instantaneously. " On the food trucks, you can always see signs of their social media accounts. After people buying those amazing-looking doughnuts, they will take a nice photo and p ost it with a hashtag or a tag. As social media becoming an indispensable part of people's lives, pop-ups steps into the society by variety of social avenues. Pop up restaurant is not only loved by customers, but also business owner because of its appropriate scale. Pop up restaurants always are just made up of a small but opened kitchen, a few tables and some simple decorations. It is the best choice for young chefs or people just started to touch this industry because you don't need a large amount of investment on the hardware' for a pop up restaurant, since it's not a long term investment. Also, for young chefs that are dreaming to have an own restaurant, a pop up restaurant is a good pathway for them to test out their recipes, menus and concepts of the restaurant. Because pop-ups often are exclusive for a short time, and their food is rare or unusual, customers are willing to pay a premium for their dinning experience. In this way, chefs and owners can get economically advantages from them. Pop up food outlet becomes a hot business form because of its economical advantages which are its affordability and higher check average. "The great thing about pop-ups that we find all across the board whether it's a pop-up store, pop-up restaurant or event is that they have this fear of missing out' quality to

The Experts Guide to the AP Chemistry Exam

The Expert's Guide to the AP Chemistry Exam SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips AP Chemistry is a challenging subject, and many students feel nervous about taking on the exam at the end of the school year. But if you have a sense of what to expect on the AP Chemistry test well in advance, you'll be able to prepare appropriately for it. In this guide, I'll lay out the structure and content of the AP Chemistry exam, give you examples of different types of questions you'll see on it, and tell you how to study effectively for it! How Is the AP Chemistry Exam Structured? Like other AP tests, the AP Chemistry exam has two sections: a multiple-choice section and a free-response section. On both sections, you will have access to a periodic table of the elements as well as a chart listing any formulas and constants you might need for your calculations. The Multiple-Choice Section Here is a brief overview of the multiple-choice section on AP Chemistry: Number of Questions: 60 questions with four answer choices each Time: One hour and 30 minutes Scoring: Worth 50% of your total AP Chemistry score Calculator Use: Prohibited Be aware that some of these questions will exist as a part of question groups (which consist of a few questions that ask about one set of data), whereas others will stand on their own. The Free-Response Section Next up, here is an overview of the free-response section on AP Chemistry: Number of Questions: Four short-response questions and three long-response questions Time: One hour and 45 minutes Scoring: Worth 50% of your total AP Chemistry score Calculator Use: Allowed Question Topics Finally, here are the main topics you'll be tested on with the AP Chemistry exam: Experimental design Analyzing data and identifying patterns or explaining phenomena Creating or analyzing atomic and molecular views to explain observations Articulating and then translating between representations of data Following logical/analytical pathways to solve a problem The entire AP Chemistry exam is three hours and 15 minutes long. This year, the test will be administered on Thursday, May 7, 2020, at 8 am. You'll probably have to wake up at least this early on the day of the AP Chem test. Also, this corded monstrosity is what people used to set alarms before smartphones. Horrifying, I know. How Is the AP Chemistry Exam Scored? As mentioned above, the multiple-choice and free-response sections are each worth 50% of your total score. No points are taken off for incorrect answers on either section (i.e., there is no guessing penalty). To calculate your raw multiple-choice score, add up all of your correct answers. This means you can earn a maximum of 60 points on the multiple-choice section. While the free-response section is a little more complicated, you should be able to figure out how many points you’ve earned if you have scoring guidelines. Short-response questions are worth 4 points, and long-response questions are worth 10 points, meaning you can earn a maximum of 46 points on this section. Next, convert these raw scores into numbers out of 50 so that they each make up half your final raw score. Say you got 40 out of 60 multiple-choice questions correct. You would convert this score to the equivalent fraction of 33 out of 50. Then, if you got 30 out of 46 points on the free-response section, you would convert that score to the equivalent fraction of 32 out of 50 points. Finally, add the two scores out of 50 together to get your final raw score out of 100. You can use the conversion chart below to estimate how your raw score might translate to an AP score (on a scale of 1-5). In this case, your raw score of 65 would be right in the middle of the 4 range. We can’t be absolutely sure that these raw score ranges will correlate exactly with these AP scores because the curve is slightly different every year. If you find you’re close to the bottom of your goal score range in practice testing, don't get complacent! You should probably put in a little more studying so you can feel more secure. Raw Score AP Score Percentage of Students Earning Each Score (2017) 72-100 5 10.1% 58-71 4 16.2% 42-57 3 26.1% 27-41 2 26.2% 0-26 1 21.4% Source: The College Board What Do You Need to Know for the AP Chemistry Test? The AP Chemistry test centers around six major themes, or big ideas, which encompass all the topics covered in the AP Chemistry course. I list them here to give you an overview of what kinds of ideas you should be familiar with before taking the test. Big Idea 1: Chemical Elements and Matter The chemical elements are fundamental building materials of matter, and all matter can be understood in terms of arrangement of atoms. These atoms retain their identities in chemical reactions. In terms of specific topics, here's what this idea covers: Compounds in atomic molecular theory Using mass data to identify the composition or identity of a chemical substance Units in chemistry: particles vs. moles vs. mass vs. volume Electrons (distribution in atoms and ions, energy levels, Coulomb’s Law, classic shell model vs. quantum mechanical model) Structure of the periodic table Mass spectrometry Spectroscopy/light absorption and chemical composition of a solution The Law of Conservation of Mass Gravimetric analysis and titration Dude, I'm telling you, this is what everything looks like if you zoom in far enough. Big Idea 2: Chemical and Physical Properties of Materials With this big idea, both the chemical and physical properties of materials can be explained by the structure and arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules and the forces between them. This idea covers the following topics: Molecular structure and its connection to a substance’s properties Phase changes (solids, liquids, gases) Chromatography Interactions between solutes and solvents London dispersion forces Polarity of atoms and molecules Coulomb’s law and the interactions of ions Chemical bonds and why certain atoms form certain types of bonds Bond polarity Properties of metallic elements Lewis diagrams and VSEPR Properties of ionic solids Properties of metal alloys Metallic bonding and the electron sea model Properties of covalent solids Properties of molecular solids Salt: what a square. Big Idea 3: Changes in Matter Changes in matter involve the rearrangement and/or reorganization of atoms and/or the transfer of electrons. Specifically, this big idea encompasses the following topics: Writing balanced chemical equations Stoichiometric calculations to predict outcome of reactions Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases Redox reactions Difference between physical change, chemical change, or ambiguous change Galvanic or electrolytic reactions Half-cell reactions/potentials and Faraday’s laws Matter is always making changes to be its best self. Good for it. Big Idea 4: Rates of Chemical Reactions With this idea, rates of chemical reactions are determined by details of the molecular collisions. Here are some important topics included in this idea: Factors that impact rates of chemical reactions (temperature, concentration, surface area) Calculating rate of a zeroth-, first-, or second-order reaction How half-life relates to rate constant in a first-order reaction Rate law and molecular collisions Catalysts and their impact on chemical reactions Molecular collisions are a lot like car collisions except smaller! Aren't you glad I'm here to enlighten you? Big Idea 5: The Laws of Thermodynamics It's important to know that the laws of thermodynamics describe the essential role of energy and explain and predict the direction of changes in matter. These laws encompass the following topics: Thermal energy transfer Relating the magnitudes of energy changes in two interacting systems (direction of energy flow, type of energy) How energy changes relate to heat capacity, enthalpy of fusion, enthalpy of reaction, PV work Calorimetry Enthalpy of reactions and connection to chemical bonds Noncovalent interactions between molecules Whether reactions are thermodynamically favored or not Gibbs free energy calculations Le Chatelier’s principle Equilibrium constants This is a star, or, more scientifically, "a crazy-hot ball 'o energy." Big Idea 6: Bonds and Intermolecular Attractions Any bond or intermolecular attraction that can be formed can be broken. These two processes are in a dynamic competition, sensitive to initial conditions and external perturbations. This big idea covers the following topics: How changes to chemical reactions affect Q and K Relative rates of forward and reverse reactions Equilibrium constant (K) and how to calculate it Calculating equilibrium conditions of a system Direction of the shift resulting from stresses placed on a system at chemical equilibrium Design a set of conditions that will optimize a certain reaction outcome The distinction between strong and weak acid solutions with similar pH values Interpreting titration data to determine the concentration of the titrant/pKa/pKb Calculating the pH of a solution and its makeup Acid/base reactions Buffer solutions - design, identification, reactions Labile protons and how they affect pH Solubility of salts and Ksp Equilibrium constant in terms of ââ€" ³G ° and RT Join these kooky characters in the new hit dramedy Bonds: They're Stuck Together. Oh man, you've never seen chemistry like this before. Will they? Won't they? Who cares? Sample AP Chemistry Questions + Explanations Here are examples of each type of question you'll see on the AP Chemistry test. I’ll also walk you through the answers to give you an idea of how to approach and solve them. Sample Multiple-Choice Question Many questions on the AP Chemistry exam ask you to make predictions about chemical properties or reactions based on data like this. In this case, the answer is A. The coulombic attractions are weaker in NaCl than they are in NaF because the ionic radius of F- is smaller than that of Cl-. The attraction between molecules will be greater in NaF, and the bonds will be harder to break. Sample Short Free-Response Question In this question, part a requires an understanding of why or why not reactions might occur between molecules. First, you need to explain how collision energy affects whether two molecules will react with each other. Only collisions with enough energy to overcome the activation energy barrier (typically represented by the variable Ea) will reach the transition state and break the F-F bond. Next, you need to identify one other factor besides collision energy that influences the likelihood of a reaction between two colliding molecules. You could say that in order for a collision to be successful, the molecules must have the correct orientation. You would need to mention the specific bonds being formed and broken. Only molecules with the correct orientation can start to form the N-F bond and break the F-F bond. The molecules have to contact each other in very specific places for the transition to take place. Part b is about rate laws, and the first part is pretty straightforward. You have a 50/50 chance of circling the right one even if you have no idea what the answer is. For the record, it's the second option, rate = k[NO2][F2]. You then need to explain why you made your choice to get the last point on this question. The second rate law is the correct answer because Step I is the slower, rate-determining step in the reaction mechanism. Step I is an elementary reaction, so its rate law comes from the stoichiometry of the reaction molecules, NO2 and F2. Sample Long Free-Response Question In part a of this question, you’re asked to write two net-ionic equations. Writing balanced equations based on experimental scenarios is an important skill for the test. For part i, the neutralization reaction is H+ + OH- = H2O (liquid). For part ii, the precipitation reaction is Ba2+ + SO42- = BaSO4 (solid). In part b, you need an understanding of what causes electrical conductivity in chemical substances and why the conductivity decreases at first in the situation described. For part i, the solution is conducting electricity as the first 30 mL of the H2SO4 are added due to the presence of Ba2+ and/or OH- ions that haven’t yet been scooped up for the reactions (you could mention either one and still get a point). For part ii, you could say that the conductivity decreases because these two types of ions are steadily removed by the precipitation and neutralization reactions (Ba2+ ions are taken to form BaSO4, and OH- ions are taken to form water). Side Note: The conductivity goes back up after the equivalence point because of the additional H- and SO42- ions that now exist in solution after all the Ba2+ and OH- ions have been used up by the reactions. Part c requires some attention to detail in unit conversion as well as a logical assessment of the information you’re given. Molarity is moles per liter, so the question is how many moles of Ba(OH)2 were there per liter in the original solution without the added H2SO4. Since the conductivity starts going back up after 30 ml of H2SO4 are added, that means that at that point the number of moles of H2SO4 is equal to the number of moles of BaOH2 in the original solution. We can calculate that 30 mL of 0.10 M H2SO4 is equivalent to 0.0030 moles (0.10 moles/liter multiplied by 0.030 liters). There should be the same number of moles of BaOH2 in the original solution, so we can divide 0.0030 moles by the original 0.025 L (25 ml) to arrive at our answer of 0.12 moles/liter or a molarity of 0.12 M. Part d requires you to use Ksp (the solubility product constant) to determine the amount of Ba2+ ions that remain in solution at the equivalence point. The question tells us that for BaSO4, Ksp = 1.0 x 10-10. The solubility product constant equals the product of the number of ions of each component of the precipitate. Each of these is raised to the power of its coefficient in the original net ionic equation, which in this case is 1 for both: Ksp = [Ba2+] x [SO42-] At the equivalence point, the amount of each of these ions is equal. This means that [Ba2+] x [SO42-] = [Ba2+]2 and [Ba2+]2 = 1.0 x 10-10. The number of Ba2+ ions would be the square root of Ksp, which is 1.0 x 10-5 M. Part e asks you to explain why there is a lower concentration of Ba2+ ions in solution as the amount of H2SO4 added increases past the equivalence point. In this case, you would need to mention the common ion effect and the fact that if you add sulfate ions to an equilibrium reaction involving other sulfate ions, the reaction will consume the added ions to reach a new equilibrium. This means that more of the precipitate (BaSO4) is formed, and more Ba2+ ions are taken out of solution to contribute to it. Equilibrium must be reached. Transition from doing ... to being (I've been getting into yoga lately even though I can't touch my toes without feeling like my whole body is being ripped apart). As you can see, the questions on the AP Chemistry test range from short and sweet to long and moderately evil. An important thread that runs through all of them is that you need to know basic background information about why certain substances act the way they do. For example, why do some substances have higher boiling points than others? What does collision energy have to do with molecular reactions? Why do some chemical substances conduct electricity? Being able to justify your answers is very important. Make sure you never lose sight of the fundamentals as you get into more complex calculations and concepts. How to Study for AP Chemistry: 6 Key Tips Here are some additional tips that will help you prepare for the AP Chemistry exam appropriately and improve the efficiency of your studying! #1: Always Ask Why Don’t gloss over questions you got right through lucky guesses. If you don’t understand exactly why the correct answer is correct, you need to review the concept until you do.Chemistry builds on itself, so if you don’t get the fundamental reason your answer was correct or incorrect, you could be in for a whole mess of trouble in the future. For example, you might have memorized that a certain molecular compound has a higher boiling point than another, but that doesn’t mean you necessarily know why this is the case. Make sure you always know why certain properties occur based on molecular and atomic structure so that you can justify your answers and adapt your knowledge to a variety of scenarios. #2: Memorize Formulas You should memorize all the formulas you need to know for the test. Even though you’ll get a formula sheet, it’s going to be much easier to get through the questions if you don’t have to keep consulting it. For each formula, make sure you know the types of questions it will help you answer and how else it could come into play on the test. #3: Review Your Labs Labs are critical in AP Chemistry because they show you the real-life implications of the facts you’ve been studying. You’ll see many questions on the exam that deal with lab scenarios, and it’s much easier to understand these types of questions if you’re somewhat familiar with the setup. It’s crucial to understand why you got the results you did for each lab and to be able to connect them to facts about chemical reactions and properties of different substances. #4: Learn to Estimate The multiple-choice section of the AP chemistry exam doesn’t let you use a calculator. This is kind of scary for some people, but it shouldn’t be a big obstacle if you’re well prepared. You’ll save yourself a lot of time if you practice doing multiple-choice questions and estimating logical answers without going through long calculations. The more familiar you are with the mechanics of chemical reactions, the easier it'll be to estimate the answers to these problems. #5: Practice With Official Materials The College Board offers free downloadable AP Chemistry materials you can use to get more used to the content of the exam and to practice real multiple-choice and free-response questions. All free-response questions include sample answers as well as commentary that explains what is particularly good (and not so good) about the response. #6: Get a Review Book This is one of the AP classes for which it’s extremely helpful to have a review book to guide your studying. Since the material is complicated and there are a lot of different things you need to know how to do, a review book can help ground you and give you a better handle on how to structure your review overall. You’ll also get a lot of additional practice problems and answer explanations. While you should still use your labs and notes from class, a review book will help you better organize your thoughts. Here are a couple of books I recommend: 5 Steps to a 5: AP Chemistry 2018 (about $10 on Amazon) Barron’s AP Chemistry (about $10 on Amazon) For practice questions, you can also get the book Sterling AP Chemistry Practice Questions (about $20 on Amazon). It’s not technically a full review book, but it will give you more practice resources to use as you study the material on the test. Sometimes this is how your mind acts when you're trying to study something complicated. Let a review book guide your way so the journey toward enlightenment is less anxiety-ridden! Conclusion: How to Study for the AP Chemistry Exam In summary, here are the basic logistical facts to keep in mind about the AP Chemistry exam: Test Date and Time Thursday, May 7, 2020, at 8 am Total Time 3 hours and 15 minutes # of Questions 60 multiple-choice questions 7 free-response questions (4 short, 3 long) Scoring Long free response: 10 points Short free response: 4 points Calculator? Multiple choice: Not allowed Free response: Allowed Point Penalty for Wrong Answers? No penalty %age of Points Needed to Score a 5 Around 70% As I’m sure you've noticed, there’s a lot of material to learn for the AP Chemistry test (six big ideas compared with AP Biology’s four big ideas! What!?!?!). This is why starting your studying early and keeping up with the progress of your class throughout the year are so strongly connected to your level of success on the test. Here’s a quick review of my top six tips for preparing for the AP Chemistry exam: Always ask yourself why the answer is correct on practice questions Memorize all the formulas Review your labs, not just your notes Learn to estimate on multiple-choice questions Practice with official AP Chem materials Use review books to organize your studying If you’re focused and diligent, nothing on this test will be a chemystery to you because you’ll be a regular Sherlock Coulombes ('cause you’ll know all about London dispersion forces. OK, I’m done now). What's Next? Chances are, if you're taking AP Chemistry, you're also planning to take a couple of SAT Subject Tests. Check out our guide to learn about the differences between AP tests and Subject Tests! If you get a 5 on AP Chemistry, what does that mean for you? Find out how AP credit works at colleges. If you read this article, you're probably taking AP Chemistry. But your final high school schedule might not be set in stone just yet. Read this article for comprehensive advice on how many total AP classes you should take in high school to reach your goals. How can you use your knowledge of chemistry to help clean your stuff? Read up on muriatic acid (and what not to combine it with) here. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Health insurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health insurance - Essay Example 2) 'Impossibility Doctrine' is a reason for not performing the duties due to some circumstantial changes in the situation, where the subject matter of the contract has been destroyed without either party's fault making it impossible to be performed making the contract illegal (Beale, Bishop and Furmston, 2007:p.463) The impossibility doctrine does not apply in this case as the employer had the option of removing the bargaining unit employees from the insurance under Select Blue Plan as argued by the union. The employer could have resolved the issue with continuous negotiations with the union and employees while resolving the financial exigencies as well. According the Article 11, the employer is in obligation to provide health care service as per the contract and has thus violated the Article 11. 3) Yes. Employer violated the Article 11 because it is clearly mentioned in the article that employees shall be enrolled in the Select Blue/Point of Service Plan with common provider directory of Ohio and Pennsylvania physicians and hospitals. Further, employees will have $10 co-payment for visit and $10 co-payment for prescription.

Libyan Legal System Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Libyan Legal System - Research Proposal Example According to the paper the debate on the relationship that exists between the Sharia laws and the national laws in Libya is only new to the post Gadhafi period. The only difference now is that it gained momentum after the revolution as a result of the increasing legal and political importance of Sharia laws on the county. There are a lot of instances where the importance of the Sharia laws has been seen both in the Gadhafi era and the post Gadhafi regime. The major one after the revolution however is the Constitutional Declaration that was issued by the interim National Transition Council (NTC) stating that the Sharia laws remain the principal source of legislation in Libya. In another speech in October 2011 the NTC President went ahead to declare that any law in the county that violates the Sharia laws was suspended with immediate effect. These included the laws that had been put in place restricting the practice of polygamy and allowing women to own certain kind of properties6. The announcement further indicated that the county would only use Islamic banking where usury will be banned in the county. This is a clear indicator on the importance that the Sharia was in the post Gadhafi Libya. The paper will also focus on the efforts being made to ensure that the legal system in Libya is more effective. It will also present an array of solutions that can be used in the creation of a more effective legal system that has wide acceptance in the country.

Racism affects everybody Essay Example for Free

Racism affects everybody Essay This is shown in the movie ‘Australia’, how everyone can be affected by racism. Many different ways of racism towards people in the movie ‘Australia’. A few of the main characters that are affected in the movie is Nullah, The Drover, Lady Ashley. The people that are being most affected in the movie would have to be the indigenous, that’s because the time the movie was set in, was when the white australia policy was happening, so pretty much every Australian was being racist towards aboriginal people. Racism is problem that everybody is affected in the world today. In the movie Australia, all the aboriginal people was being well behaved, did everything they was told and followed the rules. Even then people was still be racist towards them. Some of the ways racism was shown in the movie was how the aboriginals wasn’t allowed in the pubs, also Neil Fletcher was using Daisy for sex and didn’t show any respect and also beat her and his son up. So pretty much all the Australians in this time period was against all indigenous people and all japanese because at the time australia was at war with japan and japan ended up bombing darwin. Nullah in the movie was a half cast, so he wasn’t fully aboriginal or australian, he felt left out because he wasn’t black or white, he was only a creamy colour. He was like this because of Neil Fletcher using his mother for sex. Nullah and his mother wasn’t treated with any respect at all and both of them was also beat up, it was because Neil fletcher played a big part in being racist towards Indigenous people. A good example of racism towards Nullah is when he is about to get on the ship to the mission and a young australian boy was yelling to him and saying â€Å"Creamy† and kept saying that to Nullah. Near the end of the movie Nullah wants to go ‘walk about’ with his Grandfather. If you go on this ‘walk about’ It means you become a man, it’s part of the aboriginal tradition, even though Nullah isn’t a full blooded aboriginal, he still wants to keep live by his aboriginal culture and follow the aboriginal tradition and become a man through the true aboriginal way. The reason all this racism was happening towards the aboriginal people was because of the government. They had made a policy in the australia called the white australia policy, this policy wanted australia to only have fully white blooded australians in australia only. The half cast kids like ‘Nullah’ was sent to a mission to learn about the christianity and how australians live, the other reason they were sent there is because australian people wasn’t proud of having sex with aboriginal women and then they didn’t want half cast kids in the public because it would remind them of what they did with those aboriginal women and they didn’t want that. So the government made missions where, the half cast kids were taken from their families by the police and wasn’t allowed to see their families again. The kids that were taken when they were are now called the stolen generation. The two people in the movie that werent being racist towards aboriginal people was The Drover and Lady Ashley, this was because they both had a connection with the aboriginal people in the movie, The Drover’s partner in the movie was an aboriginal and The Drover felt like he was an aboriginal and thought that people treated him like one. He also sticked up for his partner at the pub, this shows how close Drover was to his partner. Lady was close to aboriginal people because of Nullah’s mother dying and she took up mothering for Nullah, this made a strong connection between them. When Neil Fletcher was beating up Nullah Lady Ashley stepped in and protected Nullah. In conclusion, It doesn’t matter if someone is being racist towards an individual, it will affect other people to. Even all the years ago, when the white australia policy was taking place, the racism towards the aboriginals and the stolen generation, It is still affecting most of Australia today and a lot of people are sorry to the stolen generation because what the government did was very wrong and it didn’t take not long to see what they done. Racism still happens today everywhere and it does affect everyone.

What Does The Placebo Effect Say About The Mind-body Dilemma? :: Biology Essays Research Papers

What Does The Placebo Effect Say About The Mind-body Dilemma? When I was seven years old my family and I took my grandmother on a trip around northern India. It was her desire to make pilgrimages to the temples that were considered to be the holiest by the Swaminaryans, an orthodox sect of Hindus. At that time in my life, I couldn't even pretend to be interested in the activities occurring within the temples. Instead, I was mesmerized by my proximity to the wildlife that was lounging just outside of the actual walls of temples. In a two-week span of time I must have seen more than twenty temples, and by the end they all blurred together except for one. Although the temple itself was not magnificent, what was occurring inside has remained with me to this day. A male priest, who was sitting at the main alter, was pulling on elderly woman's hair causing her to scream hysterically. I discovered that the woman was suffering from a headache and was having it cured by the priest. More accurately, she was having the "ghosts" removed from her brain. For the individuals who were directly involved in the ceremony and for many of the people with whom I was traveling, exorcism was a perfectly legitimate way of curing an illness of the body. The cure had no pharmaceutical basis, but it was based in the people's belief system. The belief system for the circumstance that I witnessed was a ritualistic aspect of Hinduism. In the case of the exorcism, the individuals involved expected that the treatment would work, and as a result the treatment did work. The idea that people benefit from expectation alone is called the placebo effect, and it is not u nique to India or to the east. Placebos are medications or treatments that are benign and have no pharmacological properties 1)The Placebo Effect Real of Imagined. The category of placebo includes everything from the hair pulling I witnessed in India to the starch pills that millions of American women take along with their birth control. Until recently, placebos were considered important to Western medicine, in so far as they were part of a rigorous scientific method of testing and approving new medicine. In particular, a standard part of clinical trials is the division of patients into two categories. One category is given the medication being tested and the other is given placebo pills.

College degree Essay

The quest for college degree has brought us to here HCC, because there was no real fulfillment in our various jobs. The benefits from having a college education are manifold and range from jobs satisfaction, higher earning potential, and healthier life style choices. With the advances in technology, many of today’s jobs now require more than a high school education or trade skills. Success in the workforce is increasingly defined by the ability to think critically, manipulate a computer, and to work collaboratively in a teaming environment. Today’s college education develops these abilities, providing individuals with invaluable business and personal skills and knowledge, as well as opening the door to better career opportunities and increased earning power. Having a college degree is linked to higher pay. People with a higher level of education are more satisfied in their jobs than people who only have a high school diploma. For example, in 2012 the median of earnings for young adults with a bachelor’s degree was $46,900, while the median was $22,900 for those without a high school credential and $30,000 for those with a high school credential. In other words, young adults with a bachelor’s degree earned more than twice as much as those without a high school credential (105 percent more) and 57 percent more than young adult high school completers. (National Center for Education Statistics website). One of the biggest arguments against a college education is not being able to go work when you turn eighteen. Many people believe that this will cause them to fall behind and not be able save up enough money. A college education will let you â€Å"skip the line† and start working with better jobs, in better places, with better conditions, and on top of that, the unemployment rates for high school graduates have increased to 8. 1% in the last year (â€Å"Value of a Degree†). The bottom line is that better jobs come from a better education. College education will help in making good choice and have a healthier life style. Apparently those with a college education are more likely to live healthier lifestyles, with fewer incidences of smoking and obesity. The gap between smoking rates of those with high school diplomas and those with four-year degrees has risen from 2 percentage points in 1962 to 17 points in 2012. College-educated adults of all ages, and their children, are also less likely to be obese. In addition, mothers with higher levels of education spend more time with their children, regardless of whether they are employed or not (â€Å"Top Universities†). Also in the other hand, according to Malcom X â€Å"Education is the passport to the future, for tomorrow belongs to those who prepare for it today. † The Luck of education is a serious problem today. Some effects include illiteracy and increased drop rate, this is also leads to have a trouble finding work. It is difficult to see the exact value of your education in the beginning. However, finishing high school is an asset that everyone with the opportunity should take full advantage of. Just finishing high school opens up some doors, but not many. On the contrary, not going to school can result in higher unemployment and therefore a means for extra burden on the society. You can see from the chart that there is a dramatic difference between what a person will be paid with a diploma and as a college graduate. According to the chart a college graduate can bring home nearly fifty-percent more than a person with a high school diploma. Higher education opens up opportunities for people. It gives student the experience and the confidence that they will be able to use in many life situations. Attending college gives students opportunities to express themselves and to learn about other people and their ideas. Although college isn’t for everyone, everyone should at least give it a try. By going to college you learn to become independent, you go into the race for bigger, safer, better jobs, and you make more money on the other side. If you are given the opportunity to go to college, you should take advantage of it. You might even find out that you like it. The college experience is both academic and practical. College gives us a great opportunity to grow intellectually and gives us a chance to mature.

Home Schooling vs Public Education

Home Schooling vs Public Education Ann Brickler COM/155 University Compostion and Communication I March 10, 2013 Stephanie Cook Home Schooling vs Public Education The debate continues and often will turn into heated arguments between the two opposing sides. The side of the fence that you choose is ultimately your decision on what type of education your child receives. Homeschooling may have many benefits, a public school education may provide a better learning environment for a student to learn and succeed.There are so many forms of education that a person may receive today with two of the forms as home schooling and public education. There are some benefits to the individual of home schooling, such as being able to learn on your own time and having one-on-one instruction. Child safety is a pro for the parent as they are not having to worry about bullying in school and not having their child exposed to drugs or alcohol by their peers. There are also pros and cons of public education with the pros being the child is receiving an education from a professionally trained teacher.They are better prepared in everyday teachings that the child will receive. The curriculum is outlined for the year on what the child will be taught and what is expected to be taught to the child by way of a school board developing the curriculum. Children are also learning on how to socialize with other children and realizing on how diverse a world we have. The cons of home schooling outweigh what some people believe as a benefit. One being that the parent is not a professional teacher such as English or music class. The parent does not have the technique in giving their child a quality and prolific education.Another con is the student is not being exposed to a diverse environment. The child is not able to grow with their peers and associate themselves with reality and what is out there on the streets that children have to deal with when they are in a public school setting. Child safety ca n be a con in public education with what has recently been happening with the shootings in schools and bullying by other children. You should not shelter a child because of the cons as this is something that can be dealt with while growing up. Children learn how to deal with issues such as these and grow more because of them.Another con is the standardized testing that children are expected each year to take at the beginning of each school year. This test gives the school board a better concept on where each child is in their learning grade. It also is one factor on whether a child will move ahead in their grade level in the fifth and eighth grade. Children are tested and quizzed weekly in their classes and that determination in itself will give each teacher a concept on what the child is retaining and whether they should move along in each grade level. Socialization for home schooled children as an individual or a group can be a challenge for them.Public schooled children have a be tter advantage to them when they are put in a group together to socialize amongst themselves relating to a topic they may be learning about in their class or to do a project together. They are able to gather ideas and listen to other ideas which enable more learning for them. When you are home schooled the only type of socialization in a group you are going to have is with either your sibling or with your parent. That can be a good thing only if that child is a type of introvert and has a difficult time relating to others in a traditional school setting.There are homeschool groups that you can join with your child to meet other parents and children, but there may not be many of these groups out there for you to select from as there are children whom are more likely to receive a public education. Another advantage the child in a public school has is being able to play in sports that are offered. The home schooled child does not have that offered to them. A child who is home schooled can request to join a sports team in their school district but that does not always work for them. The district can say no to them joining a school sport.A public school child can join a school sport at any time it is offered; however, they are expected to maintain a grade point average of a C. If they do not, they are suspended from the team if they are involved or denied completely from trying out for the team. Public school provides a more diverse and social experience in contrast to homeschooling. Parents whom are homeschooling their children should be qualified to teach as a public schoolteacher. A public school education can be much more fulfilling and gives children the tools they need to succeed.Socialization and interaction with other children is a benefit to any child to help them learn and grow with others in their age group. Home schooled children may not be susceptible to drugs and alcohol or school bullying but sometimes the risks outweigh these factors. There is no te sting done by the district of the home schooled child and to know exactly where they are in their grade level. Standardized testing does aide the district for public school children but is essentially given at the beginning of a school year where it can be a misleading statistic on what the child in a public school does know by the end of the school year.Whether you choose to send your child to a public school or teach them on your own, be sure that you have the proper tools to do this. Your child’s future depends on you and the education they receive. Overall, the knowledge the child gains and the scores they receive between the two, home schooling and public education has each of its own benefits and each of its own drawbacks. As long as the student’s needs are being met, regardless the choice you make for your children, whether it be home schooling or public education, either type of teaching will be the best choice because you made the choice.

Free Essays on Candle History

CANDLE HISTORY Early Candles Candlepower Modern Candles EARLY CANDLES Necessity is the mother of invention and early candles sometimes took rather bizarre forms to utilize available resources. The use of, and improvements to candles has parallelled mans ascent from the stone age. There is no historical record of the first candles used by man, however clay candle holders dating from the fourth century B.C. have been found in Egypt. Early Chinese and Japanese candles were made with wax derived from insects and seeds molded in paper tubes. Wax skimmed from boiling cinnamon was the basis of tapers for temple use in India. The first known candle in America dates to the first century A.D. Native Americans burned oily fish (candlefish) wedged into a forked stick. Early missionaries in the southwestern United States boiled the bark of the Cerio tree and skimmed the wax. Settlers in New England used the same technique to obtain wax from Bayberries. To this day Bayberry candles are made the same way, although cost is prohibitive since it takes one and a half qua rts of Bayberries to make an 8 inch taper candle. Tallow, made by rendering animal fat was another common candle making material. Because of its odor, beeswax was preferred although more expensive. The advent of paraffin in the 1800's made tallow obsolete, and it is rarely used in candles anymore. Return to top of page MODERN CANDLES Candle making as we know it began in the 13th. century when traveling chandlers went door to door making dipped tapers from their clients tallow or beeswax (wealthier clients). The first use of molds for candle making was in 15th. century Paris. The Renaissance of candle crafting was during the 19th. century. Candle molding machines were developed in the first half of the century. In 1811 pioneer work lead to the development of stearin. The braided wick was introduced in 1825. This year also saw the manufacture of stearic acid (a candle ad... Free Essays on Candle History Free Essays on Candle History CANDLE HISTORY Early Candles Candlepower Modern Candles EARLY CANDLES Necessity is the mother of invention and early candles sometimes took rather bizarre forms to utilize available resources. The use of, and improvements to candles has parallelled mans ascent from the stone age. There is no historical record of the first candles used by man, however clay candle holders dating from the fourth century B.C. have been found in Egypt. Early Chinese and Japanese candles were made with wax derived from insects and seeds molded in paper tubes. Wax skimmed from boiling cinnamon was the basis of tapers for temple use in India. The first known candle in America dates to the first century A.D. Native Americans burned oily fish (candlefish) wedged into a forked stick. Early missionaries in the southwestern United States boiled the bark of the Cerio tree and skimmed the wax. Settlers in New England used the same technique to obtain wax from Bayberries. To this day Bayberry candles are made the same way, although cost is prohibitive since it takes one and a half qua rts of Bayberries to make an 8 inch taper candle. Tallow, made by rendering animal fat was another common candle making material. Because of its odor, beeswax was preferred although more expensive. The advent of paraffin in the 1800's made tallow obsolete, and it is rarely used in candles anymore. Return to top of page MODERN CANDLES Candle making as we know it began in the 13th. century when traveling chandlers went door to door making dipped tapers from their clients tallow or beeswax (wealthier clients). The first use of molds for candle making was in 15th. century Paris. The Renaissance of candle crafting was during the 19th. century. Candle molding machines were developed in the first half of the century. In 1811 pioneer work lead to the development of stearin. The braided wick was introduced in 1825. This year also saw the manufacture of stearic acid (a candle ad...

5 Billboard Taglines That Advertise Errors

5 Billboard Taglines That Advertise Errors 5 Billboard Taglines That Advertise Errors 5 Billboard Taglines That Advertise Errors By Mark Nichol I strongly advise against employing billboards to teach you proper English grammar and spelling, but you can certainly use them to learn what not to do. Here are some pain-inducing billboard boo-boos: 1. â€Å"Are you in or out?† This tagline from the remake of Ocean’s Eleven won’t strike many people as erroneous, but the omission of a comma ruins the effect for me. Read as is, this sentence calls for upward inflection: Are you one of these? But the inflection should fall, and whether your voice catches instantaneously before your pitch falls after in or you don’t actually pause, a comma signals the difference: Are you this, or are you that? 2. â€Å"All day, everyday.† This error in an advertisement for a major chain supermarket went viral some years ago, and the English language hasn’t been able to shake the bug since. Make everyday two words, and call me in the morning. 3. â€Å"Name’s Mel-care to have a drink?† This confused come-on appeared in an advertisement for Tanqueray gin featuring a comely woman inviting the billboard viewer to join her for a cocktail. With a disregard for the visual esthetics of language endemic to the marketing industry, the copywriter puzzled readers with what appeared to be a non sequitur reference in a liquor ad to a variant of Medicare known as Mel-care. By separating Mel’s introduction from her invitation with a mere hyphen when a mighty em dash was called for (â€Å"Name’s Mel care to have a drink?†), this multimillion-dollar ad campaign cried out for a pocket-change fix. The ubiquitous unwitting use of hyphens in place of dashes is wrong, but, almost worse, it’s ugly. 4. â€Å"You provide the truck. We’ll bring the barbeque.† An ad for a pickup truck big enough to haul around an oil-barrel barbecue grill misspelled the last word. â€Å"But, Mark, we see it like that all the time!† Yes, you see it misspelled all the time. It’s an understandable error, extending from the slang abbreviation BBQ, and it may end up in the dictionary someday. But it’s not there yet. Honor the language. 5. â€Å"Don’t stare, you might miss your exit.† Come on, a comma is too weak to convey the cadence of this sentence. (It didn’t work in that sentence, either, did it?) There’s a definite break in the two parts of this sentence, and the rhythm cries out for an em dash or even a period after stare. Again, as in the first and third examples, the copywriter failed to use the nuances of punctuation to help upload the desire to buy a product or use a service to the consumer’s brain. This message is brought to you by DailyWritingTips.com: When you seek to sell, consider not only words but also punctuation in the sell’s structure. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Structure A Story: The Eights of Misplaced Modifiers

Guidelines Assessment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Guidelines Assessment - Research Paper Example Modern clinical practice guidelines are often evaluated using the GLIA system (GuideLine Implementability Appraisal) and the AGREE instrument (Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation). The availability of these systems is evidence of how carefully regulated these guidelines are and how they can be particularly useful in clinical situations (Field et al., 1990). The principal steps in developing a clinical practice guideline are as follows. In the first instance, the correct information needs to be identified and this should be the most current and most relevant data available concerning the diagnosis, treatment and management of the illness in question. Information should also be gathered about the cost and risk of the above, where applicable (Davis & Taylor-Vaisey, 1997). Having put all this data in place, it is then necessary to condense the information to provide it in a format readily available to clinicians (Michie & Johnston, 2004) and condense this into a format us eable in practical situations. Then, clinicians must implement the guidelines (Davis & Taylor-Vaisey, 1997), although this has been found to be difficult in many cases (Cabana et al., 1999; Michie & Lester, 2005). Clinical practice guidelines can involve computer algorithms, and their formulation can be heavily reliant on information technology (Field et al., 1990). The purpose of the AGREE instrument is to stress that the usefulness of these clinical practice guidelines is proportional to the quality of the guidelines themselves. This means that the AGREE instrument is primarily concerned with providing a framework with which to assess these guidelines, and states that it will: Assess the quality of guidelines; Provide a methodological strategy for the development of guidelines; and Inform what information and how information ought to be reported in guidelines. (AGREE Next Steps Consortium, 2009) This is taken from the newest version of the AGREE instrument, which is currently vers ion two. As is evidenced by these statements, the AGREE instrument aims to ensure that all guidelines will beneficial to both clinicians and patients. Clinical practice guidelines should provide the very best and most recent research to clinicians so that treatment, diagnosis and management of the illness in question is of the best standard possible. The AGREE instrument also ensures that clinical practice guidelines are formulated in a methodical way, and so all clinical practice guidelines formulated using this tool will be of the same standard and format, and thus the AGREE instrument is now a reliable quality evaluation tool. The AGREE instrument separates the information it provides into domains. The first domain is known as ‘scope and purpose’, which basically ensures that the basic properties of the guideline are adequately described, such as the target audience, the health questions and the objectives. The second domain is ‘stakeholder involvement’ which suggests that the discussion of the guideline involves professionals from every available and appropriate area, and that the target audience have also been consulted also. The third domain is defined as ‘rigour of development’ and essentially aims to ensure that all the evidence has been selected in an appropriate manner and that this is described in the guideline, that the strengths and weaknesses of the evidence are recognized, and that the guideline explicitly references this evidence. It also aims to provide information on how to update the procedure when necessary. The fourth domain is ‘clarity of presentation’ and aims to ensure th

Business Ethics and Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Ethics and Strategy - Essay Example In response, god will ensure that he does not disappoint. For example, in the case of Elijah at Mount Carmel, God provided fire for Elijah leading to increased faith and trust on him. The bible indicates that Christians must be trustworthy. Thus, they can be depended upon by both friends and colleagues. The aspect of love of others and justice is presented in the shortened version of God commandment. In His Speech, Jesus talks of loving others as oneself, which means that you do to others as you would like others to do to you (John 13:34,New International Version). The principle of equality of treatment is outlined in the presentation by Jesus. In fact, Jesus captures the issues of justice and fairness in the using the same statement. Likewise, in business, it is vital for employer and employee to practice fairness in all undertaking leading to success and improved performance of the business. It also improves the level of customer care service and employee relations leading to increased performance of the organization. Therefore, the bible supports the two ethical

President Johnson and the Vietnam War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

President Johnson and the Vietnam War - Essay Example l analysts was only because majority of Americans were against the war and he required to be elected hence did what the majority of the citizens wanted. As soon as he was elected, he started receiving pressure to send in more American troops to Vietnam because the South Vietnamese (who America was supporting) were losing the war. He gave in and started sending in more and more troops and hence lost his focus on domestic issues and concentrated on the war. This situation was not approached correctly because President Johnson knew that the American citizens who had elected him were against the war and were concerned about their domestic welfare. Even with this knowledge in mind, he still went ahead and sent in more troops. He therefore lost favor of majority of the American citizens and hence was not even re-elected. He also made most American troops in the Vietnam die as a result of the war and because he wanted to win

Women Entrepreneurs In The Tourism Sector In Zimbabwe Economics Essay

Women Entrepreneurs In The Tourism Sector In Zimbabwe Economics Essay This paper examines the challenges that women entrepreneurs face in the tourism sector in Zimbabwe. The research targeted female entrepreneurs selling curios in Masvingo and Victoria Falls which are the prime tourist destinations in Zimbabwe. Women entrepreneurship has been under spotlight in Zimbabwe because it is a source of economic growth. Despite the potential that lies in women entrepreneurs they face additional or at least different social, cultural, educational and technological challenges than men in establishing and developing their own enterprises, and accessing economic resources. From the interviews conducted women entrepreneurs in the tourism sector have difficulties in securing funding, inadequate business related education as well as social, cultural and religious impediments. This paper engenders to understand the gender biases embedded in society which constrain womens mobility, interactions, active economic participation and access to business development services. Lastly, appropriate interventions are recommended within the discourse of entrepreneurship. Key words: Entrepreneurship, Tourism, Gender, Enterprise development, Women Entrepreneurship Introduction Entrepreneurship is a key driver of capacity building and national development in any country. As such, this paper focuses on challenges faced by women in the tourism sector. On 21 May 2012 there was a forum on Womens Engagement in Africas Tourism Industry in Victoria Falls held during the African Travel Association conference. The presenters included the former Deputy Secretary General of United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) who alluded to the fact that tourism constitutes 30% of the worlds economy and offers 78% of workforce in the world. He further reiterated that research has explicitly shown the gender inequalities that exist in the tourism sector as mostly women and children as compared to the male counterparts are exploited. He further mentioned that in 2008, the UNWTO came up with a policy for gender equality which is envisaged under the United Nations Platform. In 2010, the Global report on Women in Tourism by World Tourism Organization and United Nations women encouraged women to participate in leadership roles in the tourism industry. The report held that although women constitute a high percentage of the workforce in the tourism industry, most of them occupy lower levels where they are subsequently lowly paid. Because of this report, UNWTO suggested that vocational training be offered to empower women in the industry. Tanzania and Gambia were the first two countries chosen to start the vocational training for women entrepreneurs in the tourism industry. Other countries to benefit from the training are from Latin America and Africa. Another presenter a Managing Director of Affluent Hospitality Group in America said that women make up 80% of Travel Agency in America and 80% of travel decisions are made by women in North America. This justifies the fact that women have an active role to play in the tourism industry. In addition the Marketing Director of Amalinda Collection in Zimbabwe gave a testimony of her experience in the Tourism industry. She admitted that as a mother she has a lot of family responsibilities that apart from being a working woman such that she faces the dilemma of choosing between family and business. At one time when her son fell sick at 4 months old she had to quit the job in favour of the family. Family roles represent one of the challenges that women entrepreneurs face in comparison with their male counterparts. The Governor and Resident Minister of Matabeleland North Province of Zimbabwe reported that, 60% of arts and crafts in Zimbabwe are produced by women from Binga who largely produce reed mats and baskets while the Gwaai women produce pottery artifacts. The interesting revelations made at the conference prompted the researchers to consider conducting a research on the challenges that women entrepreneurs face in the tourism industry in Zimbabwe. In current years women-owned businesses have become increasingly popular but entrepreneurship remains a deeply gendered institution (Anderson, 2008). Bushell (2012) considered entrepreneurship as expedition out of paucity and gravitation towards equity but this has not been the case because women remain marginalized globally. Given the constraints facing African women entrepreneurs their full economic potential is not actualized and they do not feature on the mainstream of the economic agenda (Ozigbo and Ezeaku, 2009). There is therefore need for countries to address gender disparities between men and women to achieve significant milestones in economic growth. In addition to those problems faced by all small-scale entrepreneurs, women face additional or at least different social, cultural, educational and technological challenges than men in establishing and developing their own enterprises, and accessing economic resources (Mayoux, 2001). It is important that such challenges be addr essed so as to enable women to prosper in their businesses. Chitsike (2000) and United Nations Industrial Development Organization (2003) mentioned that womens businesses in Zimbabwe tend to be small and are discriminated by the legal system which backs male ideologies. Literature Review In many countries entrepreneurship has been considered a means of generating meaningful and sustainable employment opportunities, particularly for those at the margins of the economy women, the poor and people with disabilities (ILO, 1998; Rajani and Sarada, 2008). However, very little literature exists on the role of women entrepreneurs in a global economy especially in Africa (Dudley, 2008) and this is one of the reasons why women continue to be marginalized in entrepreneurship development. In addition, in cases where the role of women entrepreneurship is articulated there still remains a gap in gender analysis (Dudley, 2008). Research factors affecting performance of women entrepreneurs of their businesses are limited in scope, as any existing research most often focuses on individual characteristics and motives as performance predictors (Teoh and Chong, 2007) at the expense of gender disparities. Despite the economic importance of female entrepreneurs their numbers are lower tha n those for men (Verheul, Van Stel and Thurik, 2006; Carter, 2000; Minniti et al., 2005) and therefore it is of importance to address the barriers to female entrepreneurship. This paper deviates from the former approach by focusing on challenges that women face in entrepreneurial development. Furthermore, the research applies an entrepreneurial development model adapted from Richardson and Howarth (2002a) to analyse the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in the tourism sector in Zimbabwe as shown in figure 1 below. The model is based on the cross sectional biological structure of a peach fruit. At centre of the model is the seed which represents the entrepreneurial opportunity identified. The inner part adjacent to the seed represents the mesopreneurial (fruit mesorcarp) factors based on the MAIR model by (Gibb and Ritchie, 1982) which include motivation or commitment, skills, abilities and experiences, idea in relation to the market as well as the resources. Williams (1997) co mmented that commitment and dedication of the entrepreneur is critical if they are to prosper whilst Zimmer and Scarborough (1996) attribute failure of small businesses to managerial incompetence and lack of experience among other factors and therefore women entrepreneurs need relevant skills and experience to fully exploit entrepreneurial opportunities. The mesopreneurial factors represent the basic ingredients of business success. The final structural component is the exopreneurial (fruit exocarp) factors which represent the macro environment in which the enterprises operate and it entails the following aspects: The enabling environment which focuses on policy issues, institutions and initiatives which impact on enterprise development in particular the tourism industry in Zimbabwe The socio-cultural and economic context which the social, cultural and religious factors that affect enterprise development. Enterprise Support Sector made up of initiatives and organizations developed to propel enterprise development and how these impact on enterprise development. The Economic/Market Environment which deals with opportunities and threats in the environment. Women entrepreneurs hardly have specialized support institutions to cater for their specific needs (United Nations International Development Organization, 2003). In most cases entrepreneurial and technical training, advisory and information programmes often have to be carried out within a non-conventional set-up (United Nations International Development Organization, 2003). Women entrepreneurs need to have a more supportive environment that is more favourable (Stevenson and St-Onge, 2005) if they are to gain similar recognition that of men. Training programmes developed must take into account their society, culture, community and empowerment (Agbà ©nyiga and Ahmedani, 2008). If significant milestones are to be achieved in female entrepreneurship support systems need to take into account the needs, challenges and unique situation of women to promote women entrepreneurship and avoid failure and lower levels of female entrepreneurship (Drine and Grach, 2010). It is vital to note that c ountries that have developed policies and legislation tailored for women entrepreneurship have witnessed tremendous growth and increase in the numbers of women in business. Enteprise support sector: Government, NGOs, Private Sector, Membership Organizations, donors Endopreneurial factor Seed Entrepreneurial Opportunity The Economic/Market Environment: Opportunities and Threats Enabling Environment for Enterprise: regulations, policies, institutions, institutions and processes Figure 1 Peach Fruit Concept of entrepreneurship: Adapted from Richardson and Howarth (2002a) Mesopreneurial Factors Exopreneurial factors Resources Socio/cultural context: Attitudes, aspirations, confidence and permission idea with market Skills, abilities and experience Motivation and determination Female Entrepreneurship Women Entrepreneurs refer to women or a group of women who initiate organize and operate a business enterprise (Jahanshahi, Pitamber and Nawaser, 2010). McClelland et al. (2005) define a woman-owned business as one which is at least 51% owned by one or more women or in the case of any publicly-owned business, at least 51% of the stock of which is owned by one or more women. In 2010 187 million women were involved in entrepreneurship ranging from 1.5-45.4% of the adult female population in 59 economies (GEM, 2010). It should also be noted that Ghana has 55% of women being involved in entrepreneurship and it is the only economy where there are more women than men entrepreneurs (GEM, 2010). One of the United Nations Millennium Development goals is to promote gender equity and empower women as agents of poverty eradication, hunger, disease and to stimulate sustainable development (United Nations Industrial Development Organization, 2004). Therefore promotion of women entrepreneurship is vital for the achievement of broader objectives including poverty reduction and economic development. A positive indicator to women entrepreneurship is that African leaders have pledged to take joint responsibility for promoting the role of women in social and economic development by reinforcing their capacity in education and training, facilitating access to credit and assuring their participation in the political and economic life (NEPAD, 2001). The increased role of women in economic development has forced many governments to take an active role in developing policies on women development and gender related issues. Mueller and Dato-on (2010) stipulated that women play a significant role in entrepreneurship but their role remains suppressed in comparison to that of their male counterparts across the globe because of family roles, traditions , cultural and structural constraints which diminish their abilities to lead business (Bushell, 2012). Women bear the responsibility for childcare and homecare and as a result this leads to work-family conflicts (Des, 2001 and Jahanshashi, Pitamber and Nawaser, 2010; Winn, 2005). Chitsike (2000) also stated that men view womens role as that of being at home and not engaging in any business activities that are reserved for men. One of the challenges that women face is unequal access to productive resources and services, including finance and skill upgrading opportunities (United Nations International Development Organization [UNIDO], 2003; Tumbunan, 2009; Sorokhaibam and Laishram, 2003). In many African countries, women inequality lies in economic rights and access to resources as men persist thus preventing women from taking full advantage of the economic opportunities (Ozigbo and Ezeaku, 2009). Degroot (2001) mentions that womens participation as owners of small medium sized business has been constrained due to poor access to market information, technology and finance, poor linkages with support service and unfavourable policy and support mechanisms ( De Groot, 2001). In Zimbabwe domestic chores and agricultural activities do not allow women time to travel to support institutions such as finance houses for advice and information on credit (De Groot, 2001). In many African countries, women spend most of th eir income on the household and fear investing their funds in business ventures for fear of business failure (Ozigbo and Ezeaku, 2009), particularly on food and education for their children. Many of them are afraid to invest their limited funds into a business for fear of failure. Many women entrepreneurs are seldom taken seriously in spheres of credibility and capability, competing and succeeding in a male dominated environment (Ozigbo and Ezeaku, 2009) and this is one of the factors that explain their relatively obscure role in economic development. Despite the fact that many women entrepreneurship is a source of job creation, economic growth and social development many women owned businesses remain stunted by lack of appropriate managerial skills, access to business resources, networking opportunities and access to new markets (Ozigbo and Ezeaku, 2009). The current institutional environment purposes to achieve gender equity but the traditional powers are tilted towards the patriarchal system and therefore maintains the status quo of gender inequity (Goheer, 2003). In Zimbabwe women have largely been marginalized from mainstream economic activities because of the predominant partriarchal system which confines women to domestic roles. 53% of all economic activities in Zimbabwe are performed by women but, this figure remains invisible because it is not accounted for in national statistics and most of the activities are characterized by poor working conditions. It is also worth mentioning at this stage that religion, culture and the socialization process are some of the major factors perpetuating gender inequity in Zimbabwe. This is evidenced by the fact that under the current customary law, women cannot own/inherit land (Chitsike, 2009) and land is one of the resources that are important for entrepreneurial development. Research Methodology Baines and Wheelock (2000) mention that many women have ventured into entrepreneurship but little research has been done on gender and female entrepreneurship. The reasons behind increase of entrepreneurial variances arising out of gender remains unresolved is because women feel that by exposing these issues they deepen their entrepreneurial differences (Calas et.al. 2007 as cited in Peris-Ortiz, Rueda-Armengot and Benito Osorio, 2011). Studying women entrepreneurship is critical because it is an important source of economic prosperity and presently research efforts, policies and programs tend to be skewed towards men and neglect the needs of women entrepreneurs and potential women entrepreneurs (OECD, 2004). In the African context there are very few studies that have focused on female entrepreneurship particularly in the tourism sector and therefore this research seeks to close this gap. In addition, Gelb (2001) states that this is due to lack of indigenous research, inadequate info rmation and methodological constraints (Ozigbo and Ezeaku, 2009). Despite the increasing role, women entrepreneurship theory development and empirical evidence only offer a very blurry picture of women entrepreneurs (Tann, 2008). Subsequently, improved understanding of women entrepreneurs challenges is essential in order to assess their needs, and provide solutions to teething problems they encounter. Although there have been some studies of small businesses in Zimbabwe, none has provided rich qualitative data of female entrepreneurs (Mboko and Smith-Hunter, 2008) and this study endeavors to contribute towards addressing this deficiency. This study is based on the small and medium business entrepreneurs in Zimbabwes Arts and Crafts industry in Masvingo and Victoria Falls. 10 women in Masvingo from Dzimbahwe Crafts and Art Center and 15 from various Crafts Centers in Victoria Falls who were trading at Elephant Hills Hotel during the 37th ATA Conference between from 18-22 May 2012 were interviewed for this research. These towns are top tourism destinations in Zimbabwe and are home to reputable attractions which are The Great Zimbabwe and the Victoria Falls respectively. Interviews were conducted at Dzimbahwe Craft Center situated along the highway to Masvingo Town. For the effectiveness of the conversations, we had to talk to the women while viewing the different artefacts they make. The conversations included negotiations over the products prices that made the interviewers buy some of the items to encourage the women to talk freely. The interview started with more general introductions, some business questions that included who makes the products, how (i.e. whether there is use of machines or just ordinary hands), where, when and why the people do this business. The interviews also covered issues to do with any support the women received in terms of finance, human and material resources, marketing and other business operational areas. In the process, we had to go to the extent of observing the women doing the work like crocheting and weaving the mats, bed and table covers, polishing and decorating the wooden plates, basins and bowls while some were even carving the different items according to their area of specialization. This one day session took us about one and a half hours and we spent $30 to buy some items from the different women who added up to a total of 10 entrepreneurs. In Victoria Falls, we took the advantage of the 37th African Travel Association conference (ATA) that we attended from the 18th to the 22nd of May 2012 at Elephant Hills Hotel. Some selected male and female arts and crafts entrepreneurs from various selling centres of Victoria Falls were given the opportunity by the Zimbabwe Tourism Authority (ZTA) to come and sell their wares free of charge at the venue during the conference days. To promote the entrepreneurs, the ZTA had in their conference program a session for Meeting the African Culture when both mid-morning and afternoon teas were being served at the grounds where the entrepreneurs were selling their products. This was a good opportunity for the conference delegates to meet and discuss with the sellers while at the same time viewing and buying the handicrafts. As researchers, we took advantage of this to carry out our study for 3 consecutive days. On the first day we toured the various stands just to view the items on display and we asked some few general questions like what we did in Masvingo. Some of the questions were about how they come to be part of the ATA conference and the benefits they were expecting from the conference. On the second day we got into in-depth interviews to get details of their operations, marketing, any support and assistance from any institutions towards the success of their businesses. To probe for more information we were appreciating their achievements and sympathizing with their challenges as we were discussing with them during the tea breaks. For the other two days we had to share a table with some women during lunch time so that we could talk more. At times we had to sit together in the conference venue, commenting on what the presenters were saying about tourism entrepreneurship. One good example was a debate on the presentation done by a representative from the Zimbabwe Ministry of Youth, Dev elopment, Indigenization and Empowerment. On the final and third day, we selected some of the artefacts to buy that included the bowls, the big five, basins, Zimbabwe bird (Shiri Hungwe) for Blessing, one of the researchers totem and other items. We spent $50 for the items and we left the women in a very happy mood. As a way of appreciating our concern for them some women gave us some of the items at very low prices and in return we influenced some of our colleagues to buy from them. The total of the interviewees was 25 women. Analysis and Discussion The demographic Profile of Interviewed Women Entrepreneurs Table 4.1 Geographical Location of the Women Entrepreneurs RESEARCH AREA LOCATION Urban LOCATION Rural Masvingo 3 7 Victoria Falls 9 6 Out of the 10 women who were interviewed in Masvingo, 7 were residing in the rural areas and only 3 were from the urban area. From the 15 interviewees in Victoria Falls, 9 were urban residents and only 6 were from the rural area. This data reflects that the handicraft business is done in both rural and urban settings provided there is favourable environment. In Masvingo the majority of entrepreneurs come from their rural homes that surround Nemanwa Arts and Craft center because operating from home reduces any rental costs that can be incurred. The few who stay in the urban area have their husbands working in the town and this business supplements their spouses income. In Victoria Falls the majority of women who are urban dwellers reported that they own houses in the town from the cooperative that was formulated by the Arts and Crafts business operators sometime in 1990. The remaining percentage constitutes those women who own homes in the peri-urban area of the town and are permanent residents of the area. Table 4.2 Age of Women Entrepreneurs AGE GROUP NUMBER Below 25 years 2 26-30 years 4 30-45 years 15 46-50 4 The survey results suggest the relationship between a womans age and entrepreneurs. The likelihood of a woman venturing into business positively increases with the 30 to 45 years age range have the greatest number of women entrepreneurs. Very few women below the age of 25 years want to get into this business probably because they are unable to do the job or have better things to do. Motivations Women who are in art and craft business in Victoria Falls and Masvingo said that they are into this business because they grew up doing the weaving, knitting and pottery activities and to them they see it as a way of their living. In the yester years when tourism was still vibrant in Zimbabwe they could earn more than other people in some professions but as from 2004 to date the business has slowed down due to the economic crisis. These women admitted that they cannot go out of this business because they have no alternative means of survival since their environments are basically in the dry regions of the country. Therefore what is evident in what the women are saying is the fact that tourism fits very well in their livelihood strategies as a source of income. From the findings it emerged that the women are motivated into employment by push factors such as unemployment, inadequate family income and the need to accommodate work and home roles as in the Zimbabwean scenario the womans p lace is the home. The same sentiments were echoed by Vijaya and Kamalanabhan (2009) and Drine and Grach (2010) who reiterated that women are motivated by the desire to provide security for the family and flexibility that entrepreneurship offer between home and family roles. Access to Financial Resources The women entrepreneurs in the arts and crafts industry revealed that their major challenge is their inaccessibility to both investment and operational capital since they have no personal assets to use as collateral which is a prerequisite at the financial institutions. If they happen to get the starting capital they may even face more challenges of getting adequate operational capital to meet their daily supplies of raw materials such as reeds, steel wires, finishing oils, threads, wood, polishes and others to use for their business. At times they may need transport to take their products to and from their homes for security reasons. If these people are operating from the designated sites the local councils would need the rentals every month for the upkeep of the places. The problem of lack of capital usually arises from the fact that the enterprises are the major contributors to the survival of the family, and this puts a brake on efforts for improvement of womens enterprises in Zi mbabwe (Degroot, 2001). On the accessibility to capital, one woman at the ATA conference for Young Professionals in Victoria Falls narrated her ordeal of trying to get financial assistance from the Ministry of Indigenization and Youth Development that promotes indigenous entrepreneurs in the country. Grace said, When I went to the offices I was told to bring a project proposal. I prepared that at my own expense. After that they gave me a pile of forms to fill in whose other requirements i could not understand. As if that was not enough, I was told to wait for a response that never came to my attention and these people lie that they are supporting us financially. Another woman, Nyaradzo narrated that, The Ministry of Indigenization and Youth Development, asked for a list of all entrepreneurs who needed financial assistance and the specific amounts requested and were handed to the ministry but nothing materialized. The ministry later on asked the women entrepreneurs to pay $20 per person for a weeks training in financial management. After paying the money nothing has been done since November 2011. She said Vanhu ava matsotsi anodakubira varombo, havana basa nesu, (These people are conmen, who steal from the poor and they do not care about us). This is a major challenge for the women who are vulnerable to all sorts of financial risks in business. Most women also revealed that most financial institutions were not keen to finance their business initiatives. This negative attitude towards financing of women entrepreneurs is explained by the traditional patriarchal system division which spells out the differences of male-female roles in society as supported by Ozigbo and Ezeaku (2009). Protection of intellectual property rights A number of women entrepreneurs fall prey to political promises and business intermediaries. One woman who failed to get funding from the Ministry of Indigenization and Youth Development later discovered that her project was being implemented by one of the government officials in Victoria Falls. She had no voice over it. Because of this, many women in the sector feel betrayed and humiliated because of such practices. This rhymes the Shona proverbs that murombo haarovi chine nguwo (This literally means the poor will never challenge the rich). It is important for women entrepreneurs to be well versed with their intellectual property rights so that they can challenge those who prey on their ideas in judiciary. Production and space-related challenges The study has revealed that a number of Zimbabwean women who are arts and crafts entrepreneurs have no fixed place for their business operations as they are dotted from their homes, forest and some few designated arts and craft centres. The designated centres have no permanent structures put in place but there are some temporary shades which are brought by the individuals from their homes. These offer no security at all as they are just open spaces for business and in addition one is exposed to the harsh forces of the natural environment. Those who operate from the forests (source of raw materials) cite transportation problems as one of the challenges. For example, if a wood carver finds a good tree in the forest which is too big to carry home or at the designated area she has to work on it from there and then carry the finished products. These pose a lot of risks to the females since there are a lot of dangers associated with forestry environments. Storage space for the finished products is another problem for most women entrepreneurs. Most leave the products covered by some cloths or tents during the night in the presence of either a guard or unattended at owners risk. Lack of storage space puts the products at risk of theft. The most special wares are taken back home daily which is a tiresome task for the females since most of them walk a distance of about 5 kilometres every day from their homes to the designated centres. Family roles At home there is usually a challenge of divided concentration between home chores and work and at home the working space is limited and not conducive for business operations. One woman (Maria) even expressed that, handingazosiyi mumba mune tsvina nekuda kwebasa (I cannot leave my house dirty because of work). Already this indicates how busy women entrepreneurs are with household and business responsibilities at any given time of their lives and this is a hindrance to effective business operations. In support, De Groot (2001) posits that household roles deprive women of time to travel to enterprise support institutions or to attend training sessions to acquire skills in various fields. As long as womens responsibilities remain divided between work and domestic roles their contributions to economic development will remain obscure. Marketing operations There is a general belief that Zimbabwe arts and crafts are unique worldwide and they are found in many countries these days in China besides the Americas which used to be the countrys chief tourism source market. These products have made Zimbabwe boast of its rich and unique culture The majority of women sell their products to the foreign tourists. Financial constraints make it difficult for the women to access regional and international markets despite the high demand for the Zimbabwe art and craft in these markets. It was reported that in the past years when tourism was at peak (i.e. between 1990 and 1999) business was lucrative and there was no worry of exporting the products as buyers could come to the country and buy the products. During the period business was very lucrative. Masundire (2011) identified the need to assist arts and crafts producers to access foreign markets as 90% of their wares are in demand in Europe, America, Australia and South Africa. As a result of inaccessibility to foreign markets, there is now the emergence of market intermediaries popularly known as the cross boarder traders who buy and sell the products from arts and crafts producers in foreign markets. The major problem these intermediaries pose is that they bid to buy the wares at a very low price at the expense of the producers because of the low local demand. In fact, the women entrepreneurs end up with no fix